This chapter explores the impact of teacher collaboration and professional learning communities (PLCs) on educational outcomes, focusing on their benefits, challenges, and strategies for effective implementation. The rise of PLCs has reshaped educational practices by fostering collaborative environments that encourage teacher growth, improve instructional practices, and ultimately enhance student achievement. The chapter examines key elements of successful PLCs, including shared vision, trust-building, and structured collaboration. It also highlights the barriers to effective collaboration, such as time constraints and resistance to change, and offers practical strategies to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, it discusses the ethical and social implications of teacher collaboration, particularly in relation to equity, accountability, and teacher autonomy. Finally, the chapter outlines future directions for PLCs, emphasizing the role of technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainable leadership in fostering long-term success.