This chapter examines Russia’s and Turkey’s interventions in the ongoing Syrian conflict spanning over 11 years. Employing realism and social constructivism, it explores the motivations and actions of these critical players until 2022. A comparative analysis unveils the distinct purposes driving their involvement and the divergences in their approaches. Revealing similarities and disparities, the chapter elucidates the intricate dynamics of the Syrian Civil War. Integrating theoretical frameworks offers nuanced insights into the strategic decisions and geopolitical considerations shaping Russia’s and Turkey’s roles in this protracted conflict.