This study thoroughly evaluates Asia's progression towards accomplishing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) between 2015 and 2023, employing a comprehensive framework to assess advancements and challenges. The study specifically answers the following important questions: (i) What is the current state of SDG progress across Asian countries, and how do regional trends vary? (ii) To what extent do Asian nations and regions exhibit convergence in SDG progress? And, (iii) Which specific SDGs and targets require targeted attention and intervention? The findings reveal a complex landscape, characterised by steady improvement across all SDGs, with significant progress observed in SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). Nevertheless, regional disparities are evident, with Eastern Asia demonstrating exceptional performance in eight SDGs, primarily developmental indicators, whereas South Asia and Central Asia exhibit leadership in environmental and equality-related goals, respectively. Furthermore, Europe surpasses Asian regions in most SDGs, Asian regions have made notable strides, exhibiting greater compound progress towards achieving the SDG objectives. Finally, convergence analysis reveals the catching-up phenomenon among initially poor-performing nations, emphasising the requisite cross-cutting measures to combat regional distinctiveness and ensure effective SDG implementation through nationwide initiatives, ultimately informing evidence-based policymaking.