The Last of Frontline Workers: Casteism and Precarity among Sanitation and Waste Workers during COVID-19

Agarwal, Aparna (2025) The Last of Frontline Workers: Casteism and Precarity among Sanitation and Waste Workers during COVID-19. In: Governing the Crisis. Routledge, pp. 143-155. ISBN 9781003591641

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Abstract

This chapter looks at the intricate connection between COVID-19 and the state of sanitation workers and informal waste workers in Delhi. Historically speaking, epidemics have marked a turning point in terms of sanitary and urban reforms, albeit, primarily for the ruling elites and soldiers in the colonial times. With the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an ‘apparent’ change in the way sanitation workers and waste workers were perceived. Many of them were greeted by applause and garlands. This palpable change in the societal attitude and they being referred to as ‘frontline workers’ gave a ray of hope that the pandemic might prove to be crucial in catalysing the reforms long needed in the realm of sanitation and waste management crisis. However, looking at the precarious conditions of the workers in the last four years, there is a little that has changed. The age-old relation of caste and sanitation and waste work continues to plague the present-day situation. If anything at all, the pandemic has further exposed the apathy of government institution and casteist societal attitude towards the workers. The complexities of ‘social’ and ‘physical’ distancing are further compounded by the issues of ongoing privatisation of sanitation and waste management services, lack of health care facilities, death by COVID-19, delay in salaries, and differential treatment at workplace. Demands of sanitation and waste workers remain a far cry. Given this, this chapter examines the impact of COVID-19 on sanitation and waste workers in Delhi, highlighting how historical casteism and current policies intersect to perpetuate their precarity. Despite being labelled ‘frontline workers’ during the pandemic, these workers continue to face severe socio-economic challenges and caste-based discrimination. The chapter argues that the pandemic has exposed the deep-seated inequalities and systemic failures in sanitation and waste management reform. The chapter is divided into three parts. In the first part, we map a brief history and connections between diseases and sanitary infrastructures in India. In the second part, we reflect on the Gandhian moralist vision of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and how that has influenced the characterisation of sanitation and informal waste workers as corona warriors. In the third part, we examine the working conditions of sanitation and waste workers in Delhi during COVID-19 and how they are highlighted by ongoing privatisation of waste management services and quotidian casteist practices. In addition, we explore the contradictions of middle-class attitude towards waste workers and sanitation workers; while they were quick to felicitate waste work force with garlands, they spared no efforts to put their lives at risk by following Brahminical unsanitary practices.

Item Type: Book Section
Subjects: Social Sciences and humanities > Social Sciences > Social Sciences (General)
Social Sciences and humanities > Social Sciences > Human Rights
JGU School/Centre: Jindal School of Government and Public Policy
Depositing User: Dharmveer Modi
Date Deposited: 26 Feb 2025 14:50
Last Modified: 26 Feb 2025 14:50
Official URL: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003591641-12
URI: https://pure.jgu.edu.in/id/eprint/9175

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