The Introduction explains the raison de’etre for the shift in this volume toward a deeper concern with the application and practical ramifications of Indian ethics, which can otherwise be treated in more analytical, conceptual and metaethical terms (as was largely the case with Indian Ethics Classical and Contemporary Challenges Volume I (2007, 201)). What this means is that there are different kinds of normative challenges and on-the-ground issues pertaining to the concerns of ethical, pragmatic or practical moral issues in the context of India and its diaspora that are not covered by straightforward metaethical and analytical concerns. Under a selection of the topical headings, the specific foci of the representative chapters are spelt out, and arguments are made in most instances of why the views being championed are valid and sustainable. For example, in the section on justice, an analysis is given of current theories of justice and their several defects before moving on to providing a more nuanced and particularized theory of justice – if theory it must be – that begins with the recognition of injustices in very particularized context, locations and lived realities. The approach is more intersectional as it takes into consideration both academic disciplines but also practical and normative challenges. For instance, in the sections on women, bioethics and ecology, several concerns and problems are examined and analysed – not just for the case of a better or competing moral theory – in the context of premodern and contemporary India and for their related global ramifications.