The Hungarian Constitutional Court (hereinafter ‘HCC’) was created after the breakdown of state → socialism, as were its several counterparts in Central and Eastern Europe. Hungary was second only to Poland in the region in establishing a constitutional court. The HCC, which began its operation on 1 January 1990, represents a revisited version of the German model of constitutional justice or, in the words of Roman Herzog, it is a granddaughter of the → Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) (Sólyom (2003) 153, n 4). Already in its original setup, the Hungarian system of constitutional justice contained some elements not included in the German system (see the actio popularis, discussed in Section B), and it did not include some of its elements, such as constitutional complaints against judicial decisions, until the 2011 reform. After the abolition of the actio popularis and the introduction of the full constitutional complaint, the competences of the HCC are even closer to the German model than before