This special report is a doctrinal analysis of the Taiwanese national identity. It argues that democracy is a touchstone separating the Republic of China from the People’s Republic of China, and therefore multiple strains of the Chinese identity should be recognized because there are de facto two China(s) in the world. It is a “false dichotomy” to sweep all Taiwanese citizens with Chinese identity into the same political group, as it assumes homogeneity in all non-Taiwan independentists. In fact, at least three strains of national identity exist in Taiwan: “China, whatever it refers to”, “Taiwan,” and the “Republic of China.”