This chapter addresses the spatial pattern of sustainable agricultural development as a Composite Index of Agricultural Development and its relationship with rural poverty. It presents, in a concise way, some of the conceptual issues regarding the role of agriculture in both rural and overall sustainable development, emphasizing its role in poverty reduction focused on India to illustrate the point. The economic status of the Indian rural population is reflected in the per capita agricultural income, as a large part of its income originates from the agricultural sector. The economic status of India's rural population has a strong bearing on agricultural income. Sustainable agricultural growth can be an outcome of continuous credit flows in the agricultural sector, which can impact the sector as well as support State-wise development to improve the status of rural poverty in the country.