The usage of clay polymer composites has increased in the past few decades. Due to extensive availability, wide surface areas, and good adsorption efficiency clay polymers are gaining popularity amongst researchers to remove wide range of organic as well as inorganic pollutants from effluents. This book chapter sheds light on the characteristics, occurrence, types and synthesis of clay minerals used for preparing nano-clay polymer composites. It also highlights the types, applicability and efficiencies of particular nano clay polymers for the removal of dyes, paints, nutrients, potentially toxic elements and pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater.