In 2005, patent protection in India underwent a dramatic change. Whereas the Patent Act of 1970 excluded product patents for food, medicinal drugs, and products of chemical processes from patentability, the 2005 Patents (Amendment) Act allows for product patents also in the pharmaceutical sector, with one important qualification: According to Section 3(d), new forms of existing pharmaceutical substances that do not result in significantly enhanced ‘Effi cacy’ or employ at least one new reactant are not patentable. This Act constitutes India’s last step towards complete compliance with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement)