India is facing a significant challenge that will test its commitment to constitutionalism and democratic values. Parliament recently passed the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) that has raised important constitutional questions. However, what is at stake is more than just the constitutionality of the Act. The CAA provides that migrants from certain communities will not be treated as “illegal migrants” for the purposes of the Passport Act and the Foreigners Act, if they meet four criteria: One, they came to India before December 31, 2014; two, the central government has exempted them from the Passports and Foreigners Acts; three, they are from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan, and; four, they belong to any one of the six religious communities, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains or Buddhists. As per the information of the government of India, only about 31,313 people fulfil the above four criteria and have stated, when they first entered India, that they had come to the country to escape religious persecution. Only these people will actually benefit from this law.