Under Article 3 of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (the Istanbul Convention), violence against women and girls (VAWG) is considered to be a human rights violation if there is sexual, psychological, economic or physical violence involved. Additionally, Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) require that women should not be subjected to degrading treatment. There have been multiple UN Special Rapporteurs on torture who have recognised that rape is an abuse of human rights in these terms (Amnesty International, 2011).