Sports governance refers to the mechanism through which sporting activities are governed. It can be understood as the interplay between policy makers and policy implementers for achievement of excellence in sports at the national and international level. Good governance in sports has gained significant attention in the US as a response to both off-field and on-field management failures, crises and scandals. Examples include the Salt Lake City Olympics, 2002 and the BALCO scandal. The governance of National Sporting Federations (NSFs) referred to as National Governing Bodies (NGBs) in the USA have also come under scrutiny in light of the sexual abuse scandal in USA Gymnastics, USA Swimming and other sports over the years.