In 2014, the State of Andhra Pradesh, one of India’s largest States, was bifurcated into the two States of Telangana, situated on the high Deccan plateau and Andhra Pradesh on the Southeastern coastal region, with a coastline that extends to about 976 kms. Both States are nurtured by common rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari. Nevertheless, groundwater is of critical importance to both States. Like elsewhere, because of increased urbanization, and industrialization and changing weather patterns, the water table is receding in both States, and the water quality also suffers. This paper provides an account of the various factors affecting water quantity and quality in the twin States and analyzes some of the basic features of the AP/Telangana Water, Land, and Trees Act, 2002. This legislation is often hailed as one of the most comprehensive legal frameworks for sustainable and integrated water management and a model worthy of emulation by other States. Judicial decisions directed at sustainable groundwater management are also discussed.