The unrestricted internet access among adolescents is a growing global concern due to its association with problematic internet use (PIU), which adversely affects cognitive, emotional, and behavioural domains. This study examines the prevalence of PIU among Indian school students, its relationship with self-esteem, and the mediating role of coping strategies, alongside the influence of gender and meditation practice. Data from 1,000 participants (48.9% male, 51.1% female), aged 12–17 years, from Delhi government schools revealed a high prevalence of PIU. Self-esteem showed a significant negative correlation with PIU, with lower self-esteem predicting PIU (12.7% variance explained). Maladaptive coping partially mediated the self-esteem–PIU relationship. While meditators and non-meditators exhibited similar PIU levels, meditators demonstrated higher self-esteem and adaptive coping. Gender comparisons revealed no differences in PIU and self-esteem, though males used maladaptive coping more frequently. The findings underscore the need for school-based interventions to promote adaptive coping, self-esteem, and mental well-being in an increasingly digital world.