Accurate pollution source identification is essential for effective environmental regulation and sustainable resource management. This process involves determining the origin, nature, and quantity of pollutants & emerging contaminants, enabling targeted interventions, and reducing reliance on generalized assumptions. Pollution sources are majorly categorized as point or nonpoint for water pollution, mobile or stationary for air pollution, each category represent unique monitoring and certain challenges. These can be overcome by using advanced methodologies & techniques, including environmental sampling, remote sensing integrated with GIS, chemical fingerprinting, and statistical modelling, enhance source attribution by linking pollutants & emerging contaminants to their origins with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the exact identification of sources remains difficult because of analytical constraints and imperfect data quality and overlapping processes that occur. The detection technologies need improvement and standardization in monitoring frameworks to overcome these challenges. This chapter will also explain the ability to identify pollution sources effectively enables regulator-ship based on science which leads to declassification protocols and enables protective strategies that protect both nature and public well-being. Moreover, it is also well integrated with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; Clean Water & Sanitation (SDG 6), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Responsible Consumption & Production (SDG 12), Life below Water (SDG 14), Life on Land (SDG 15), Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions (SDG 16).