India and China, historically intertwined through cultural and economic exchanges, have experienced a complex and often contentious relationship in recent decades. While economic liberalization in the late 20th century opened avenues for cooperation, unresolved territorial disputes, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), have consistently strained bilateral ties. The 2020 Galwan Valley clash marked a significant escalation, leading to heightened military tensions, diplomatic friction, and a shift in India's strategic outlook. This chapter examines the historical context, the causes and consequences of the 2020 skirmish, and its implications for regional and global security. It analyzes India's response, including military, diplomatic, and economic measures, and assesses the evolving geopolitical landscape shaped by the India- China rivalry.