Climate change and the pressing need for green transformation represent one of the most critical challenges of global economic and environmental systems. In response, this special issue examines how operations research (OR) can drive sustainable supply chain governance through technological innovation and institutional power. Comprising 42 rigorously reviewed articles, this collection explores diverse themes such as low-carbon transformation, circular economy strategies, energy system optimization, digitalization, and socio-institutional mechanisms. These studies introduce innovative OR applications, such as AI and blockchain implementations, game-theoretic frameworks, and policy assessment mechanisms, to navigate intricate sustainability trade-offs and facilitate multi-stakeholder decision-making within green supply chains. By integrating theoretical advances with practical insights, this issue offers valuable contributions for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers aiming to achieve sustainability in supply chain operations. It underscores the imperative of interdisciplinary collaboration and systemic approaches to foster resilient, inclusive, and ecologically responsible supply chains in the era of climate urgency.