The history of warfare also shows that war has long seen heavy investments in the form of innovation, human cost, and development of weapons. Advancements in weaponry by forgers of steel, and strategy, enabled the three-dimensional orchestration of war. Since World War I, humanity has seen war fighting change from land-based battles to those fought across air and sea. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) as a strategic tool represents one of the most significant challenges in space governance and modern warfare.

Outer space is increasingly recognised as vital for data, health, climate change, energy, and, most significantly, national security. In 2019, NATO adopted an Overarching Space Policy and declared space an operational domain, alongside air, land, maritime, and cyberspace. It is not just NATO; countries have also started establishing space forces in line with their army, navy, and air force. The rise of these emerging technologies is reshaping the interpretation of existing space treaties.