This principle, enshrined in the United Nations Charter of 1945, guarantees that borders are inviolable and no other state may interfere in another country’s internal affairs. Articles 2(1) and 2(4) of the UN Charter explicitly upholds the sovereignty and equality of all states, prohibiting the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of a country. Article 51 further protects the right of self-defense if a state faces armed aggression. Yet, in the modern changing geopolitical landscape, these rules are being repeatedly violated. The rise of non-state actors, cross border terrorism, are reshaping how countries interpret sovereignty. Recent developments in South Asia and Latin America manifest this shift, as states increasingly use unilateral or extraterritorial use of force under the garb of maintaining their internal security.