In modern diplomacy, particularly in peace processes involving Egypt, the United States, Qatar, Israel, and Palestine, the principle of consent can be complicated. For example, if Egypt, US, and Qatar sign a peace framework while Israel and Palestine do not, the classical idea of treaty consent is challenged, since under Article 34 of the Vienna Convention on Law of the Treaties (VCLT), a treaty does not create obligations for non-signatory states. However, international practice acknowledges that states can show consent through actions, even if not formally signed. Publicly endorsing or implementing treaty provisions may indicate implied consent, aligning with VCLT Article 31(3)(b).