This chapter further explores the ecological question of how climate change and livestock development policies (both national and state) have impacted people’s livelihood in coastal India, which are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This chapter focuses on the change in livestock holding and the shift in livelihood patterns, especially among the small and marginal farmers. Although the share of agriculture and allied sector in total GDP has declined from 18.5 per cent to 17.2 per cent, livestock’s contribution to agricultural GDP has increased from 2.0 per cent to 4.9 per cent over the 2011-12 to 2017-18 period. According to the latest NSS 70th round survey of agricultural households (January 2013), despite being marginal land-holding households (0.002-1.00 ha. of land), 75per cent% of them are significant livestock keepers. They nurture 57.7 per cent of the total bovine population, 66.9 per cent of the small ruminants (sheep and goat), 66.1 per cent of all the poultry and 62.9 per cent of the pig population. The vast repertoire of indigenous livestock breeds, which have evolved over the years across various agro-ecological zones in India, are specifically suited to the local conditions. It enables better adaptability to a range of diseases and withstanding climatic fluctuations. However, livestock production receives constant challenges from disasters like drought, flood, cyclone and other natural disasters, which leave devastating impacts on this sector. The effects on livestock are manifold-impaired metabolism, productivity and reproductive performance to the incidence of diseases. For instance, scientific evidence suggests that, with an increase in milk productivity, metabolic heat production in dairy cows increases and their capacity to tolerate elevated temperatures decreases. Simultaneously, an increase in temperature, as a consequence of global warming, adversely impacts milk production in bovines.