Provincial and federal governments in India classify traditional fisher-folk as backward even if no formal laws explicitly protect their rights. In this article, we elaborate on how as guardians of these coasts, traditional fisherfolk evolved stringent social and cultural norms to protect the health of critical ecosystems. We examine recent ‘developments’ in the Indian context and their impact on coastal ecosystems and traditional fishing communities – issues that reflect broader global trends. We then outline relevant Indian legislation that were designed to protect marine ecosystems and benefit traditional fisherfolk while highlighting their shortcomings. Additionally, we touch upon nationally important case laws pertinent to these issues. We also delve into relevant guidelines that hold promise. We explore a paradigm where traditional fishers have integrated technology with traditional governance practices to successfully nurture coastal ecosystems. We conclude by advocating for secure tenure rights and by identifying opportunities for traditional and small-scale fisherfolk to strengthen their livelihoods sustainably.