Forty years of war displaced and killed millions of Afghans and left several thousand crippled, orphaned and psychologically scarred for life. The education system in particular became one of the principal instruments that a hue of competing and warring factions sought to control. It was seen as the most effective tools to indoctrinate the youth in particular according to their political interests and ideological moorings. These developments scarred the social fabric of Afghanistan. Additionally, the war fueled ethnic and religious conflicts and the mindset that encouraged difference between “us and them”.