Kasana, Parv, Singh, Vimal and Devrani, Rahul
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1540-5791
(2026)
Forebulge dynamics and pre-existing topography control drainage divide migration in the Central Indian Forebulge.
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 115 (4): 56.
Springer Verlag
.
ISSN 1437-3254
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-026-02603-9
Abstract
Understanding long-term landscape evolution in regions experiencing low rates of surface uplift can be challenging, as geomorphic markers are generally difficult to preserve for long timescales. But on a regional scale, a geomorphic unit like a drainage divide with high geomorphic inertia can help us assess the interaction between tectonic, climatic and geomorphic processes. A stable drainage divide would mean that these processes are in equilibrium, whereas its migration would suggest imbalance. In this study, we investigate the drainage divide between two major river catchments (Ganga and Narmada) across the Central Indian Forebulge (CIF), a region characterized by low rates of surface uplift, developed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. In order to assess the stability and regions of drainage divide migration, we performed first-order flexural modeling to constrain the geometry of the CIF and define a Forebulge Axis Zone (FAZ), and analyzed topographic metrics, such as chi (χ), Gilbert metrics, and the normalized channel steepness index (ksn) on both sides of the drainage divide. The results of the χ and ksn analyses indicate that the drainage divide between the north-flowing Ganga and the south-flowing Narmada River tributaries is not entirely in equilibrium; the western and central segments show a shift toward the north, whereas the eastern segment is stable. This finding was further corroborated by the geomorphic and field evidence. However, Gilbert metrics suggests that the drainage divide is currently in equilibrium, highlighting the different time frames captured by these analyses. This study shows that the spatial relationship between the FAZ and the drainage divide, together with progressive forebulge uplift and pre-existing topography, controls drainage divide migration across the CIF. This demonstrates that, although the drainage divide is presently stable, geomorphic evidence records past migration and indicates continued northward migration of the western and central sectors under ongoing forebulge evolution.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Central Indian forebulge | Himalayan tectonics | Drainage divide migration | Gilbert metrics | Chi analysis |
| Subjects: | Physical, Life and Health Sciences > Earth and Planetary Sciences Physical, Life and Health Sciences > Environmental Science, Policy and Law |
| Vol/Issue no. published date: | August 2026 |
| Depositing User: | Mr. Syed Anas Ali |
| Date Deposited: | 17 Aug 2026 11:23 |
| Last Modified: | 17 Aug 2026 11:23 |
| Official URL: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-026-02603-9 |
| Funders: | Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa |
| URI: | https://pure.jgu.edu.in/id/eprint/12235 |
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