This study aims to investigate the impact of FinTech adoption and green finance investments on sustainable economic growth within India’s banking sector. Employing a two-staged structural equation modeling-artificial neural network (SEM-ANN) approach, this study integrates both linear and non-linear relationships to offer deeper insights. Data were collected from 404 respondents using a convenience sampling method between December 2023 and May 2024. The findings reveal a significant positive impact of FinTech adoption and green finance investments on the sustainable economic development of banking firms. Furthermore, financial inclusion is identified as a key mediator, while the regulatory environment plays a moderating role in shaping these relationships. The study highlights the necessity of aligning FinTech and green finance strategies with future sustainability trends in finance, making a valuable contribution to both academia and policy development. By integrating TAM, RBV, and Institutional Theory, this study contributes to a unified understanding of FinTech–Green Finance synergy and offers insights transferable to other emerging markets. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, banking institutions, and researchers, emphasizing the pivotal role of financial technology in driving sustainable economic development in India and beyond.